NoSQL databases and data-processing frameworks
are primarily utilized because of their speed, scalability and flexibility.
Features of NoSQL databases
One major difference between traditional
relational databases and NoSQL is that the latter do not generally provide
guarantees for atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability (commonly known
as ACID property), although some support is beginning to emerge. Instead of
ACID, NoSql databases more or less follow something called "BASE".
The other major
difference is, NoSQL databases are generally schema-less - that is records in
these databases do not require to conform to a pre-defined storage schema.
In a relational
database, schema is the structure of a database system described in a formal
language supported by the DBMS and refers how the database will be constructed
and divided into database objects such as tables, fields, relationships, views,
indexes, packages, procedures, functions, queues, triggers and other elements.
In NoSQL databases, schema-free collections are
utilized instead so that different types and document structures such as {“color”, “blue”} and {“price”, “23.5”} can be
stored within a single collection.
Schema-less
"Tables" don't have a pre-defined
schema. Records have a variable number of fields that can vary from record to
record. Record contents and semantics are enforced by applications.
Shared nothing architecture
Instead of using a common storage pool (e.g.,
SAN), each server uses only its own local storage. This allows storage to be
accessed at local disk speeds instead of network speeds, and it allows capacity
to be increased by adding more nodes. Cost is also reduced since commodity
hardware can be used.
Elasticity
Both storage and server capacity can be added
on-the-fly by merely adding more servers. No downtime is required. When a new
node is added, the database begins giving it something to do and requests to
fulfill.
Sharding
Instead of viewing the storage as a monolithic
space, records are partitioned into shards. Usually, a shard is small enough to
be managed by a single server, though shards are usually replicated. Sharding
can be automatic (e.g., an existing shard splits when it gets too big), or
applications can assist in data sharding by assigning each record a partition
ID.
Asynchronous replication
Compared to RAID storage (mirroring and/or
striping) or synchronous replication, NoSQL databases employ asynchronous
replication. This allows writes to complete more quickly since they don't
depend on extra network traffic. One side effect of this strategy is that data
is not immediately replicated and could be lost in certain windows. Also,
locking is usually not available to protect all copies of a specific unit of
data.
BASE instead of ACID
NoSQL databases emphasize performance and
availability. This requires prioritizing the components of the CAP theorem
(described elsewhere) that tends to make true ACID transactions implausible.
Types of NoSQLdatabases
NoSQL databases are often categorized according
to the way they store data.
- Key-value stores
- Columnar (or column-oriented) databases
- Graph databases
- Document databases
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The exponentially decreasing costs of data storage combined with the soaring volume of data being captured presents challenges and opportunities to those who work in the new frontiers of data science. Businesses, government agencies, and scientists leveraging data-based decisions are more successful than those relying on decades of trial-and-error. But taming and harnessing big data can be a herculean undertaking. The data must be collected, processed and distilled, analyzed, and presented in a manner humans can understand. Because there are no degrees in data science, data scientists must grow into their roles. If you are looking for resources to help you better understand big data and analytics, We have the knowledge and experience needed to help make your systems contribute to the success of your business. Form a tandem with us and take advantage of our capacity to manage, process and analyze big data effectively, quickly and economically.
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